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An old issue and a new challenge for nuclear reactor safety

F. D’AURIA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 854-859 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0729-0

摘要： Nuclear reactor safety (NRS) and the branch accident analysis (AA) constitute proven technologies: these are based on, among the other things, long lasting research and operational experience in the area of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR). Large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) has been, so far, the orienting scenario within AA and a basis for the design of reactors. An incomplete vision for those technologies during the last few years is as follows: Progress in fundamentals was stagnant, namely in those countries where the WCNR were designed. Weaknesses became evident, noticeably in relation to nuclear fuel under high burn-up. Best estimate plus uncertainty (BEPU) techniques were perfected and available for application. Electronic and informatics systems were in extensive use and their impact in case of accident becomes more and more un-checked (however, quite irrelevant in case of LBLOCA). The time delay between technological discoveries and applications was becoming longer. The present paper deals with the LBLOCA that is inserted into the above context. Key conclusion is that regulations need suitable modification, rather than lowering the importance and the role of LBLOCA. Moreover, strengths of emergency core cooling system (ECCS) and containment need a tight link.

关键词： large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) nuclear reactor safety (NRS) licensing perspectives basis for design of water cooled nuclear reactors (WCNR)

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Phenomena identification and ranking table exercise for thorium based molten salt reactor-solid fuel

Xiaojing LIU, Qi WANG, Zhaozhong HE, Kun CHEN, Xu CHENG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 707-714 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0616-0

摘要： Thorium based molten salt reactor-solid fuel (TMSR-SF) design is an innovative reactor concept that uses high-temperature tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel with a low-pressure liquid salt coolant. In anticipation of getting licensed applications for TMSR-SF in the future, it is necessary to fully understand the significant features and phenomena of TMSR-SF design, as well as its transient behavior during accidents. In this paper, the safety-relevant phenomena, importance, and knowledge base were assessed for the selected events and the transient of TMSR-SF during station blackout scenario is simulated based on RELAP/SCDAPSIM Mod 4.0. The phenomena having significant impact but with limited knowledge of their history are core coolant bypass flows, outlet plenum flow distribution, and intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) over/under cooling transients. Some thermal hydraulic parameters during the station blackout scenario are also discussed.

关键词： phenomena identification and ranking table (PIRT) thorium based molten salt reactor-solid fuel (TMSR-SF) safety analysis RELAP/SCDAPSIM

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A perspective of “Nuclear Hot Spring” for long-term sustainable economy of the world

Yingzhong LU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 349-357 doi: 10.1007/s11708-011-0168-4

摘要： The rapid growth of human economy in the late 20th century gave rise to great concern over sustainability of the world. A pessimistic “Full World Model” forecasts that human economy could not develop further. The nuclear fission (and fusion later), however, could release huge amount of energy to create sufficient useful material resources and turn the said pessimistic modelinto a new optimistic “Sustainable World Model”.The dilemma of nuclear energy (Military Giant vs. Civil Dwarf) jeopardizes its performance as a “Technologic Fixer”. According to Mother Nature’s teachings, the elimination of the root-causes of the design-based risk factors could solve this problem. Recent technology break-through from inherent safety to natural safety has been made in China. The proposed full-power natural circulation “Nuclear Hot Spring (NHS)” reactor could operate solely on natural forces without complex man-made coolant circulation equipment and human-operated control systems. The cheap, unlimited supply of energy from nuclear energy could change the geopolitics forever, and finally eliminate the root-causes of most international and regional conflicts.

关键词： natural safety reactor full power natural circulation sustainable world economy

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HPR1000：具备能动与非能动安全性的先进压水堆 Review

邢继,宋代勇,吴宇翔

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第1期页码 79-87 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.017

摘要：

HPR1000是具有能动与非能动安全性的先进核电站。它是基于现有压水堆核电站成熟技术的渐进式设计，融合了包括采用177组CF3先进燃料组件的堆芯能动与非能动安全系统、全面的严重事故预防与缓解措施、强化的外部事件防护能力和改进的应急响应能力在内的先进设计特征。针对关键的自主创新技术，如非能动系统、堆芯和主设备，研究人员已经开展了充分的试验验证。 HPR1000的设计满足国际上对先进轻水堆的用户要求以及最新的核安全要求，并且考虑了福岛事故的经验反馈。基于其出色的安全性与经济性，HPR1000为国内与国际核电市场提供了卓越可行的解决方案。

关键词： HPR1000 能动与非能动安全性先进核动力堆(先进压水堆)

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Experimental study of critical flow of water at supercritical pressure

Yuzhou CHEN, Chunsheng YANG, Shuming ZHANG, Minfu ZHAO, Kaiwen DU, Xu CHENG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 175-180 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0029-6

摘要： Experimental studies of the critical flow of water were conducted under steady-state conditions with a nozzle 1.41 mm in diameter and 4.35 mm in length, covering the inlet pressure range of 22.1-26.8 MPa and inlet temperature range of 38-474°C. The parametric trend of the flow rate was investigated, and the experimental data were compared with the predictions of the homogeneous equilibrium model, the Bernoulli correlation, and the models used in the reactor safety analysis code RELAP5/MOD3.3. It is concluded that in the near or beyond pseudo-critical region, thermal-dynamic equilibrium is dominant, and at a lower temperature, choking does not occur. The onset of the choking condition is not predicted reasonably by the RELAP5 code.

关键词： critical flow supercritical water-cooled reactor(SCWR) reactor safety loss of coolant accident(LOCA)

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医院中子照射器I型堆堆芯热工水力分析

陈立新,赵柱民,江新标,朱磊,周永茂

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第8期页码 51-55

摘要：

针对医院中子照射器I型堆（IHNI-1）的堆芯特点和运行工况，建立了适用于IHNI-1反应堆堆芯的热工分析模型，并对模型进行了验证。利用所建模型，计算了IHNI-1反应堆堆芯热工参数。最后分析了IHNI-1反应堆堆芯入口流量对堆芯出口温度的影响，同时给出了堆芯发生过冷沸腾时的功率计算结果。

关键词： IHNI-1反应堆；热工水力；子通道；安全分析

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Latest research progress for LBE coolant reactor of China initiative accelerator driven system project

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 810-831 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0760-1

摘要： China’s accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) development has made significant progress during the past decade. With the successful construction and operation of the international prototype of ADS superconducting proton linac, the lead-based critical/subcritical zero-power facility VENUS-II and the comprehensive thermal-hydraulic and material test facilities for LBE (lead bismuth eutectic) coolant, China is playing a pivotal role in advanced steady-state operations toward the next step, the ADS project. The China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) is the next facility for China’s ADS program, aimed to bridge the gaps between the ADS experiment and the LBE cooled subcritical reactor. The total power of the CiADS will reach 10 MW. The CiADS engineering design was approved by Chinese government in 2018. Since then, the CiADS project has been fully transferred to the construction application stage. The subcritical reactor is an important part of the whole CiADS project. Currently, a pool-type LBE cooled fast reactor is chosen as the subcritical reactor of the CiADS. Physical and thermal experiments and software development for LBE coolant were conducted simultaneously to support the design and construction of the CiADS LBE-cooled subcritical reactor. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the efforts made in China in the LBE-cooled fast reactor to provide certain supporting data and reference solutions for further design and development for ADS. Thus, the roadmap of China’s ADS, the development process of the CiADS, the important design of the current CiADS subcritical reactor, and the efforts to build the LBE-cooled fast reactor are presented.

关键词： LBE (lead bismuth eutectic) coolant reactor China initiative Accelerator Driven System (CiADS) project research progress

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Impact of roxarsone on the UASB reactor performance and its degradation

Mengchuan Shui, Feng Ji, Rui Tang, Shoujun Yuan, Xinmin Zhan, Wei Wang, Zhenhu Hu

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-016-0871-9

摘要： Impact of continuous ROX addition on performance of UASB reactor was investigated With continuous ROX addition, severe inhibition to methanogenic activity occurred ROX addition caused the changes in the morphology and bacterial diversity of AGS A possible biotransformation pathway of ROX in the UASB reactor was proposed 60%–70% of the arsenic was discharged to the effluent, and 30%–40% was precipitated Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, ROX) has been widely used for decades as an organoarsenic feed additive to control intestinal parasites and improve feed efficiency in animal production. However, most of the ROX is excreted into the manure, causing arsenic contamination in wastewater. The arsenic compounds are toxic to microorganisms, but the influence of continuous ROX loading on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is still unknown. In this study, the impact of ROX and its degradation products on the performance of the UASB reactor and the degradation and speciation of ROX in the reactor were investigated. The UASB reactor (hydraulic retention time: 1.75 d) was operated using synthetic wastewater supplemented with ROX for a period of 260 days. With continuous ROX addition at 25.0 mg?L , severe inhibition to methanogenic activity occurred after 87 days operation accompanied with an accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and a decline in pH. The decrease of added ROX concentration to 13.2 mg?L did not mediate the inhibition. As(III), As(V), MMA(V), DMA(V), HAPA and an unknown arsenic compound were detected in the reactor, and a possible biotransformation pathway of ROX was proposed. Mass balance analysis of arsenic indicated that 60%–70% of the arsenic was discharged into the effluent, and 30%–40% was precipitated in the reactor. The results from this study suggest that we need to pay attention to the stability in the UASB reactors treating organoarsenic-contaminated manure and wastewater, and the effluent and sludge from the reactor to avoid diffusion of arsenic contamination.

关键词： Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) Arsenic species Impact Roxarsone (ROX) UASB reactor

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Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary

Fan BAI, Xiaochang WANG,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 228-234 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0022-7

摘要： Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems. As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer, it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation. Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C, moisture content at 60%, and a continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic removal was obtained, while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH–N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen (>90%) decreased rapidly in the first day, decreased at a slower rate over the following days, and finally disappeared entirely. The depletion of NH–N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor. A mass balance between the exhausted NH gas and the fecal NH–N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss. Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.

关键词： nitrogen retention composting reactor human feces aerobic thermophilic fertilizer

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Urban design based on public safety-Discussion on safety-based urban design

Kaizhen CAI, Jianguo WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 219-227 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0023-4

摘要： Because of public safety problems in construction of urban surroundings, this paper expounds the necessity of the study on public safety-based urban design in perspective of modern city. It brings forward the concept of safety-based urban design and attempts to explore the basic connotation and contents with framework for studies.

关键词： urban public safety urban design safety-based urban design

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A new approach for fuel injection into a solar receiver/reactor: Numerical and experimental investigation

M Helal Uddin, Nesrin Ozalp, Jens Heylen, Cedric Ophoff

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期页码 683-696 doi: 10.1007/s11705-018-1782-z

摘要：

An innovative and efficient design of solar receivers/reactors can enhance the production of clean fuels via concentrated solar energy. This study presents a new jet-type burner nozzle for gaseous feedstock injection into a cavity solar receiver inspired from the combustion technology. The nozzle design was adapted from a combustion burner and successfully implemented into a solar receiver and studied the influence of the nozzle design on the fluid mixing and temperature distribution inside the solar receiver using a 7 kW solar simulator and nitrogen as working fluid. Finally, a thorough computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed and validated against the experimental results. The CFD results showed a variation of the gas flow pattern and gas mixing after the burner nozzle adaptation, which resulted an intense effect on the heat transfer inside the solar receiver.

关键词： solar reactor nozzle CFD heat transfer mixing and recirculation

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Advances in the slurry reactor technology of the anthraquinone process for H

Hongbo Li, Bo Zheng, Zhiyong Pan, Baoning Zong, Minghua Qiao

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 124-131 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1676-5

摘要： This paper overviews the development of the anthraquinone auto-oxidation (AO) process for the production of hydrogen peroxide in China and abroad. The characteristics and differences between the fixed-bed and fluidized-bed reactors for the AO process are presented. The detailed comparison indicates that the production of hydrogen peroxide with the fluidized-bed reactor has many advantages, such as lower operation cost and catalyst consumption, less anthraquinone degradation, higher catalyst utilization efficiency, and higher hydrogenation efficiency. The key characters of the production technology of hydrogen peroxide based on the fluidized-bed reactor developed by the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Sinopec are also disclosed. It is apparent that substituting the fluidized-bed reactor for the fixed-bed reactor is a major direction of breakthrough for the production technology of hydrogen peroxide in China.

关键词： anthraquinone process fixed-bed reactor slurry-bed reactor hydrogen peroxide

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Performance of a hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor for the treatment of decentralized

Minmin LIU,Ying ZHAO,Beidou XI,Li’an HOU,Xunfeng XIA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 598-606 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0576-2

摘要： A novel hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor (HAOBR) was developed to simultaneously remove nitrogenous and carbonaceous organic pollutants from decentralized molasses wastewater in the study. The study was based on the inoculation of anaerobic granule sludge in anaerobic compartments and the installation of combination filler in aerobic compartments. The performance of reactor system was studied regarding the hydraulic retention time (HRT), microbial characteristics and the gas water ratio (GWR). When the HRT was 24h and the GWR was 20:1, total ammonia and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent were reduced by 99% and 91.8%, respectively. The reactor performed stably for treating decentralized molasses wastewater. The good performance of the reactor can be attributed to the high resistance of COD and hydraulic shock loads. In addition, the high solid retention time of contact oxidation biofilm contributed to stable performance of the reactor.

关键词： combination filler contact oxidation biofilm food wastewater anaerobic baffled reactor

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Nitrifying population dynamics in a redox stratified membrane biofilm reactor (RSMBR) for treating ammonium-rich

Rongchang WANG, Xinmin ZHAN, Yalei ZHANG, Jianfu ZHAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 48-56 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0305-7

摘要： Nitrogen removal performance and nitrifying population dynamics were investigated in a redox stratified membrane biofilm reactor (RSMBR) under oxygen limited condition to treat ammonium-rich wastewater. When the loading rate increased from 11.1±1.0 to , the nitrogen removal in the RSMBR system increased from 18.0±9.6 mgN·d to 128.9±61.7 mgN·d . Shortcut nitrogen removal was achieved with nitrite accumulation of about . Confocal micrographs showed the stratified distributions of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in the membrane aerated biofilms (MABs) at day 120, i.e., ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (AOB and NOB) were dominant in the region adjacent to the membrane, while heterotrophic bacteria propagated at the top of the biofilm. Real-time qPCR results showed that the abundance of gene was two orders of magnitude higher than the abundance of gene in the MABs. However, the gene was always detected during the operation time, which indicates the difficulty of complete washout of NOB in MABs. The growth of heterotrophic bacteria compromised the dominance of nitrifiers in biofilm communities, but it enhanced the denitrification performance of the RSMBR system. Applying a high ammonia loading together with oxygen limitation was found to be an effective way to start nitrite accumulation in MABs, but other approaches were needed to sustain or improve the extent of nitritation in nitrogen conversion in MABs.

关键词： ammonium-rich wastewater membrane biofilm reactor nitrification redox stratification shortcut nitrogen removal

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中国食品安全科技发展方向讨论

魏益民,吴永宁,周乃元,潘家荣

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第11期页码 1-4

摘要：

从发展国家食品安全战略，强化国家食品安全科技的角度，提出中国食品安全科技优先发展的四大方向，即风险分析是食品安全科技战略的首选领域；“从农田到餐桌”整体控制体系是食品安全全程控制技术和操作规范的理论基础，是实施食品安全管理的重要技术手段；检测监测技术是预警、预防、应急的技术依据，应集中力量开发一批内控和标准检验必须的快速检测技术和标准检测技术；以政府、生产者、消费者为责任人主体的管理理念是食品安全管理的基本原则，食品链上的所有责任人应在保障食品质量和安全的问题上主动承担责任。

关键词：食品安全科技战略发展方向